How do websites interact with the server operating system

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Usually the system() and exec() functions are used for this. The system() and exec() functions in programming allow you to execute operating system commands. Using these functions, you can execute operating system commands through your programs. These functions can create serious security risks and make the website and server vulnerable to command injection attacks. Command Injection attack methods picture(3) Command Injection attacks allow attackers to execute arbitrary code on a server's operating system by injecting shell commands into a vulnerable website via an HTTP request. This type of attack is possible if the website uses shell commands to activate some features.


Command injection attacks occur when an attacker is able to inject additional commands Uruguay Phone Number List  into the shell and combine malicious code with a valid request. With this, the hacker can gain access to the server's sensitive information, install malicious software, or perform other malicious actions on the server. To perform command injection, the attacker uses special characters such as s used to add malicious commands to the request parameters. When the desired strings are sent to the server, special characters are interpreted by the system shell, forcing it to convert the provided instructions into a series of separate requests.




In this way, the hacker's malicious request is executed as a separate instruction that is seemingly unrelated to the original request sent by the vulnerable website for execution. Additionally, hackers can replace an original shell command used by the script with malicious code stored in a file with the same name as the original command on the server. Typically, the shell environment has a variable called PATH$ that is used to specify the resources that the shell uses to search for external commands. By changing this variable, attackers can run malicious programs on the server. In other words, they can modify malicious programs to run on the server's operating system.